南宋城南书院门人考
| 作 者：朱汉民 毛晨岚 |
| 单 位：湖南大学 |
| 基金项目：湖南省社科基金重大项目“中国书院通史”
（13 ZD12） 。 |
| 摘 要： |
| 张浚、张栻父子创建的南宋城南书院是“乾淳四君子”
创建私学、宣讲理学之始，但在以往的研究中，学界对其创
建、门人、讲学活动等基本问题的研究较为欠缺，以致影响到
城南书院的性质和地位的判定。我们通过从时间和地点两方
面对城南书院及其主要门人加以考证，认为城南书院的主要
门人是南轩后湖湘学和蜀学的主要力量。他们促进了南轩学
在各地的传播，其求学机缘、地域分布、社会阶层等方面呈现
出共同的群体性特征，从而展现了城南书院作为南宋私人讲
学书院的一些基本特点。 |
| 关键词：书院研究；城南书院；门人；张栻；张浚 |
An Investigation of Disciples of Chengnan Academy in
Southern Song Dynasty
| Author's Name: Zhu Hanmin Mao Chenlan |
| Institution: |
| Abstract: |
| The Chengnan Academy, established by Zhang Jun and his son Zhang Shi (styled as
Nanxuan) in the Southern Song Dynasty, was the origin of offering private schooling and preaching
Neo-Confucianism by the “Four Virtuous Qianchun Gentlemen”. However, there lacks adequate
research on such basic issues as the establishment of the Academy, its disciples, and the lecturing
activities, which gives insufficient support to making a judgment on the nature and the status of
the Academy. This paper researches into the disciples of the Academy from the perspectives of time
and place.
Who could be recognized as disciples of Chengnan Academy? The conditions of qualification
are: on the one hand, they were a student of Zhang Jun or Zhang Shi; on the other hand, they
studied or sought knowledge in Chengnan Academy. The approximate number of the disciples in
the Academy could be estimated from Nanxuan’s personal accounts: the Academy had enrolled no
more than ten disciples every year, and as lectures were given for nine years, there were altogether
less than one hundred disciples.
Eighteen disciples of the Academy, including Wu Lie and his son who had studied here, have
been studied in this research. Hu Dazhuang, Fang Lei, and Lv Shengji are not identified as their
students in previous research, nevertheless, an examination of their letters, poems and essays, their
correspondences with sages at that time, reveals that they are Nanxuan’s disciples and students
of Chengnan Academy. Disciples of Chengnan Academy later became the mainstay of the Huxiang
School of Thought and the Xichuan School of Thought, promoting the disseminating of Nanxuan’s
learnings.
Disciples of Chengnan Academy are mainly of four origins: most of them descendants of old
friends and classmates, some of them pure strangers recommended by friends, some Zhang Shi’s
younger family members, relatives and in-laws, and officials serving in Changsha, learning and
seeking knowledge from Nanxuan as his disciples. The enrollment of almost all disciples had been
facilitated by “profound friendship”, and most of them were descendants from different Neo-
Confucianist family backgrounds. Accordingly, this proves that Chengnan Academy was a “private
schooling” gathering and cultivating Neo-Confucianist talents rather than a “family clan school”
of Zhang Shi, which accorded with Zhang Shi’s own approval of Chengnan Academy as “private
schooling”.
Examined from birth places, disciples of Chengnan Academy are mostly from Hunan Province,
followed by Fujian, Sichuan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang Provinces, which had been the main areas
with prosperous economy and culture in the Southern Song Dynasty, where Neo-Confucianists
had conducted academic activities. It had been common for disciples of Chengnan Academy to
learn after different masters, obtaining a multiple academic background. The Neo-Confucianists
regularly recommended their excellent students to each other, for instance, Zhang Shi occasionally
ordered Hu Dashi, You Jiuyan, Pan Youduan and other disciples to seek advice from Zhu Xi, and
these disciples are also regarded as Zhu’s disciples today. This explained the wide geographical
distribution of the Academy’s disciples.
The social statuses of the disciples of Chengnan Academy had mostly been the classes of officials
and scholars, in which cultural and political elites multiplied. Of the eighteen disciples currently
studied, fifteen of them had official positions, twelve had successfully passed the royal court level
imperial examination and listed as Jinshi. They followed Zhang Shi for scholarship before or
after they succeeded in the royal court level imperial examination. Thus it can be inferred that
Zhang Shi had no objections to disciples’ attending imperial examinations, and held the belief that
disciples with official positions were able to better fulfill his ideal of “spreading the knowledge and
enlightening the people”.
Chengnan Academy had inherited the tradition of private schooling. Zhang Shi delivered
lectures occasionally in the Lize Lecturing Hall of the Academy. Mostly, he was followed by
disciples in the open air, lecturing and touring in the scenic attractions near the Academy. These
field activities and many other life scenes were all recorded in their poems and essays. |
| Keywords: Changnan Academy; disciple; Zhang Shi; Zhang Jun; private schooling |
| 投稿时间：2016-10-26 |
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